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Wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is an important component of Mediterranean forests and a key genetic source for olive improvement programmes. Since 2009, a severe decline caused by Phytophthora cryptogea and P. megasperma has been detected in a protected wild olive forest of high ecological value (Dehesa de Abajo, Seville, Spain). In this natural forest, sampling of roots and soil was carried out on 25 wild olives with symptoms in 2014 and 2015. Apart from the already known P. cryptogea A1 and P. megasperma, a third Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from wild olive rootlets with symptoms. These isolates conformed morphologically with the newly described species P. oleae and were confirmed by analysis of their ITS regions and cox1 sequences. Temperature–growth relationships showed a maximum growth at 19.9 °C on carrot agar medium, making it the lowest temperature Phytophthora species infecting wild olive roots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on 1-year-old healthy wild olive seedlings and was similar to the previously known pathogenic phytophthoras. As temperature requirements are quite different, the three Phytophthora species may be active against wild olive roots in different seasons. However, the prevalence of P. oleae infecting wild olives in recent years could be due to its introduction as a new invasive pathogen. The probable invasive nature of P. oleae, together with increasing rain episodes concentrated in short periods frequent in southern Spain, would allow the outbreak of infections in wild olive forests, and also put cultivated olive orchards at risk. 相似文献
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Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network 下载免费PDF全文
Steven M. Alexander Derek Armitage Peter J. Carrington Örjan Bodin 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2017,27(6):1209-1223
- Most MPA networks are designed only with ecological processes in mind to increase their conservation utility. However, since MPA networks often involve large geographic areas, they also affect and involve multiple actors, institutions, and policy sectors.
- A key challenge when establishing an effective MPA network is to align the ‘social system’ with the biophysical MPA network (the ‘ecological system’). This challenge is often denoted as ‘social–ecological fit’.
- Facilitating collaborative social interactions among various actors and stakeholders (social connectivity) is equally as important as accomplishing ecological connectivity. New analytical approaches are required to effectively examine this ‘social’ dimension of fit.
- An emerging marine reserve network in Jamaica and the recent invasion of Indo‐Pacific lionfish are used as a case study to: (1) examine the extent to which horizontal and vertical social ties bring local and national actors together to collaborate, coordinate, and share knowledge; and (2) assess the extent to which different attributes and features of such multilevel social networks may enhance or inhibit particular aspects of social–ecological fit.
- Findings suggest that multilevel linkages have played the greatest role in relation to enhancing fit in the marine reserve network in the context of the recent lionfish invasion. However, the long‐term propensity of the multi‐actor and multilevel networks to enhance social–ecological fit is uncertain given the prevalence of weak social ties, lack of a culture of information sharing and collaboration, and limited financial resources.
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钻叶紫菀Symphyotrichum subulatum是一级恶性入侵植物,其传播速度快,繁殖能力强,严重影响本地草本植物多样性。本研究利用生态位模型MaxEnt和地理信息系统软件ArcGIS,根据收集的钻叶紫菀分布点和环境变量,预测目前气候条件和未来气候变化情景下钻叶紫菀在中国的潜在适生区,并推测环境变量对钻叶紫菀适生区的影响。结果表明,钻叶紫菀的潜在适生区主要位于亚热带湿润型气候大区的低海拔区域,其中高适生区的分布范围为21°~40°N,主要位于广东、福建、江西、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川东南地区和安徽东北地区等。影响钻叶紫菀潜在适生区分布的关键环境变量为最干旱月份降水量、最湿润月份降水量、10月平均温度、3月最高温度、8月最低温度和6月太阳辐射量。在未来气候变化情景SSP126、SSP245、SSP370和SSP585条件下,钻叶紫菀的低、中和高适生区面积占比将分别增加3.54%、4.80%、5.73%和3.29%。整体而言,未来气候变化有利于钻叶紫菀适生区的扩张。到21世纪中叶,钻叶紫菀的高适生区呈现向高海拔地区和中高纬度(具体为由南向北和西北方向)扩张的趋势。钻叶紫菀适生区分布范... 相似文献
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Kate L. Constantine Fernadis Makale Idah Mugambi Duncan Chacha Harrison Rware Alexander Muvea Vincent K. Kipngetich Justice Tambo Adewale Ogunmodede Djami Djeddour Corin F. Pratt Ivan Rwomushana Frances Williams 《Pest management science》2023,79(11):4343-4356
Background
In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.Results
Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.Conclusion
Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献19.
Lindsay M. Clontz Anni Yang Sarah M. Chinn Kim M. Pepin Kurt C. VerCauteren George Wittemyer Ryan S. Miller James C. Beasley 《Pest management science》2023,79(10):3819-3829
Background
Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually.Results
We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat.Conclusion
Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献20.
Alfredo Manicardi Laura Scarabel Josep María Llenes José María Montull María Dolores Osuna Joel Torra Farré Andrea Milani 《Pest management science》2023,79(12):4886-4896